Text World Theory, which is derived from cognitive poetics, opens up new horizons to human beings to discover how the mind works and how to make a mental representation. From this point of view, the study of literary works is an effective step towards the construction of the author and audiences’ intellectual World and transferring the effects of Text through Textual signals. This article studies Tarikh-i Bayhaqi based on this approach. The three layers of “ discourse World, ” “ Text World, ” and “ sub-Worlds” in this Theory, and the small Text Worlds that create the original Text World are shown. The dynamism of the Text World in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is less visible due to its historical narrative. The author, using World-building elements and functionadvancing propositions, has produced a narrative-report construct and character-based and, in some cases, environment-based descriptions in this Text. Changing the temporal and spatial conditions of narrations and guiding the various narratives through the sub-Worlds force the reader to conceptualize the Worlds with variable spaces. Of course, the conceptualization process implies the mobility of this action.

The present study aims at investigating the Text Worlds of Shirko Bikas’s Chair (2015) based on Text Worlds Theory in cognitive poetics approach. The present study is the application of Text World Theory on Chair by Shirko Bikas, which is considered an interdisciplinary study between cognitive linguistics and stylistics. This stylistic analysis is not only a cognitive investigation of how to represent the nature of Shirko Bikas’s poetic experience in chair, but also the decoding of the cognitive mechanism taken by Shirko Bikas to make a complete mental image in the reader’s mind. The methodological nature of this study is descriptive-analytic, and the data were collected from Shirko-Bikas’s Chair in a library method, and also, in the selection of the data, it was preferred to refrain from reproducing the full Text of chair. The findings showed that at the beginning of the Chair discourse, it has been used from the epistemic-deictic sub-World to express Shirko Bikas’s poetic experience, as well as World-building elements and function-advancing propositions have been used by creating deictic sub-Worlds to form a complete mental image in the reader’s mind. Introduction The present study was conducted to examine cognitively the Text Worlds in the Text of Shirkoo Bikas's Chair based on the theoretical framework of the Text Worlds proposed by Werth (1999). The authors seek to demonstrate how the cognitive mechanism proposed by Shirkoo Bakas shapes the formation of a complete mental image in the reader's mind. How is the nature of Shirkoo's new poetic experience in Chair represented? Based on the questions raised in this study, the research hypotheses are formulated as follows: The nature of Shirkoo's poetic experience in the novel poem Chair can be understood based on the Theory of Text Worlds, through the process of constructing deictic-ontological sub-Worlds. The cognitive mechanism adopted by this poet for forming a complete mental image in the reader involves expanding and elaborating World-building elements and advance-function propositions, combined with the reader's prior knowledge. Since the Text World and the sub-World are structurally equivalent in terms of the elements of World-building and advance-function propositions, the expansion of various sub-Worlds provides the reader with more details to construct a mental image. Literature Review Among relevant works on the Text World approach one can refer to Afrashi (2015) Dehghan (2020) and Sadeghi Esfahani (2010). In addition, Golfam et al. (2012) highlighted layers of meaning, and Talaei & Abbasi (2019) explored historical narratives. Gholamhosseinzadeh & Rafaei Ghadimi (2020) analyzed Persian poetry, while Gavins (2001, 2003) dissected novels using Text Worlds Theory. Lahy (2006) focused on place representation in poetry. Whitley (2010) studied Ishiguro's novels, and Halam (2013) applied Text World Theory to short stories. Methodology A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, anchored in the Theory of Text Worlds, with data sourced from Shirkoo's Chair using a documentary method. The novel Chair was chosen due to its innovative poetic narrative, supplemented by an interview with Shirkoo. The analysis focused on selective data relevant to research questions, emphasizing Shirkoo's vivid imagination, even in translation. Hypotheses were tested by extracting data into sub-paragraphs for independent analysis. Diagrams illustrating Text Worlds aided in comprehending the analyses. Theoretical Framework The Theory of Text Worlds is a discourse-processing linguistic Theory whose initial proposal was first suggested by an English linguist in a series of articles published between the 1980s and 1990s (Lahy, 2014: 284). The complete Theory was then presented in the form of a book titled Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse after Werth died in 1999. After his death, researchers such as Stockwell (2002), Gavins (2000, 2001, 2003, 2007), and Lahy (2003, 2004, 2006) made significant efforts in the expansion, development, and necessary revisions of the Theory of Text Worlds. The Theory of Text Worlds, as a discourse framework, not only addresses how a particular Text is constructed but also how the conText surrounding that Text affects its production and reception (Gavins, 2007: 8). The first level of the Theory of Text Worlds provides a tool for examining how a spectrum of conTextual factors influences the construction and understanding of a specific discourse. These mental representations are known as Text Worlds. The second level of this Theory focuses on this domain of conceptual activity and provides a framework through which one can examine the precise structure and cognitive effects of individual mental representations (Gavins, 2003: 10). The third and final level of discourse proposed by Werth is the sub-Worlds. Sub-Worlds emerge from within the Text World and represent a kind of realized substitution of the parameters of the Text World. Results The narrative of the novel Poem Chair is Kurdish and is narrated in a city which is Sulaymaniyah. The narrator at the beginning of the narrative of the novel poem Chair is Shirko himself, who talks about his characteristics and his poetic experience. In the middle of the narrative, with a change in perspective, Chair becomes the narrator and recounts the story of its life from birth to death. In this work, human characteristics were attributed to the chair,it walked, talked to itself, and interacted with others, being present as an actor on all levels of the Text Worlds. The examination of hypotheses and answering questions was based on dividing the extracted data into distinct para-discourses that were explored and analyzed in the previous section, and here are the cognitive results presented accordingly: In discourse 1, the reader starts constructing a mental World by using information related to the World-building elements and combining it with their background knowledge. Through this process, they establish the spatial and temporal setting of the World. Then, by providing further details about themselves, they create the first ontological sub-World. In discourse 2, the narrator delved into expressing their poetic experience using a type of referential-cognitive sub-World. The narrator appeared in the guise of poetry to articulate their poetic experience, taking on the form of both a poem and a narrative, transforming into prose and a play as well. In Para-discourse 3, the narrator employed a figurative approach to discuss an abstract concept such as loneliness. Using a metaphor of personification, they attributed a bird-like structure to the concept, as if it were sitting on a chair. In fact, by doing so, the narrator prepared the necessary cognitive framework to introduce a new entity named Chair in the reader's mind. This way, they introduced the previously undefined element of Chair as an object in the Textual World of the Chair. In discourse 4, the narrator provides more details about the physical appearance of the chair to give the reader a complete image of it. In discourse 5, the deictic sub-World was implicitly internalized through the use of direct quotations, providing a mental image of the place and characters of the birthplace of the chair to the reader. In discourse 6, the mental representation of the discourse shifted from a static arrangement of objects and entities to dynamic physical movement, emphasizing the impact of expanded propositions in creating a mental image in the reader's mind.

Cognitive poetics, as one of the main branches of cognitive sciences, allows the reader to analyze a Text with the help of tools and Text builder elements. The present study aims at identifying the builder elements of poetry, an excerpt from the poems of Shirko Bikas entitled “Ma’rouf Aghaee, a rhythmic poem and a dead rain" from the collection of “lights above the peak” to study and analyze it by descriptive-analytic method and based on Text Worlds Theory proposed by Paul Werth in 1999. The results were obtained by identifying the different layers of Shirko Bikas poem, which was accompanied by a departure from the World of the original Text to the sub-Worlds and then a return to the World of the original Text. The results showed that the most important feature of his poems is the use of special names, conceptual metaphors and also the use of adverbs as the most important World building elements in the building of the sub-Worlds and the Text World. The findings showed that the use of mental processes in the building of sub-Worlds and the use of relational and material processes in the building of the Text World are the most important function advancing propositions. And also, the findings indicated that in the selected excerpt, the reason for the tendency to read these poems is in the high frequency of the want-Worlds and the collapse of the layer of the discourse World and the Text World.

current research is to critically analyze the discourse of World peace in the Textbooks of the Iranian educational system based on the Theory of identification by L& M. For this purpose, the Textbooks between the years 1357-1392 (primary period and first period high school) have been analyzed. This article has been done with the combined method of analyzing the discourse of Fairclough, L &M and focusing on the following questions: What was the status of the World peace discourse in the educational documents of this era? What subjects are these educational materials trying to create? What role have the dominant political discourses in this era played in shaping the identity of these subjects? The findings show that the discourse of World peace in educational books and documents has been rejected due to the demarcation between Islamic and non-Islamic, internal and external. Power processes have tried to create militant and vengeful subjects with a military identity. The factor of persuasion of the subjects is the axiomatization of the ideologies of the revolution with an Islamic nature. Also, the educational content by inducing specific defense ideologies has formed pacifist identities in all individual, interpersonal, social and international dimensions.

What do we translate when we translate? This question may seem obvious, or meaningless, but nevertheless...Translating a Text, all of a Text, and in a way only the Text, but within its World, a World-Text. Which means its Orality, as defined by Henri Meschonnic, in order to over some inherited artificial oppositions, and also its Sociality: the Text (structurally coherent) is considered in all of its social aspects. Hence the Concept of SocioText. Our aim is to start from the Text, to stay "inside" the Text, but in all of its aspects, which are all to be translated with the Text. French: Traduire le Texte-monde Que traduit-on quand on traduit? La question semble banale, voire absurde, et pourtant...Traduire le Texte, tout le Texte, et d'une certaine façon rien que le Texte, mais dans le monde, le Texte-monde. C'est-à-dire son oralité, telle que Henri Meschonnic l'a définie, afin de dépasser les dichotomies héritées des siècles précédents, mais aussi sa socialité.Lorsque la sociocritique a formulé ses concepts, elle s'est emparée de ce Texte, garant au moins de respect de la cohérence interne, pour tenter de lui rendre toutes ses acceptions sociales, sous le nom de socio-Texte. Il s'agit donc de partir du Texte, de rester dans le Texte, en l'ouvrant à toutes ses dimensions qui sont toutes à traduire.

The reading of ancient Persian heritage, and especially historical narratives based on cognitive theories such as Text World Theory is necessary because new scientific approaches provide space for accurate identification and discovery of the hidden layers of Texts. In this study, with the analytic-descriptive method, we applied the Text World Theory in the analysis and study of the narrative construction of the first volume of the Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayni and figured out that the propositions related to character descriptions are more than preposition-related to scene descriptions, also because the deictic sub-Worlds are smaller, so the reader does not travel much in the different temporal and spatial spaces in a narrative and thus does not experience and conceptualize the Text Worlds that differ from the original Text World in terms of temporal and spatial variables. Temporal pointers are no more accurate than space pointers. The attitudinal and epistemic sub-Worlds are scarce, and one of the reasons for this is the narrator's unchanging viewpoint. Jowayni reports narrations more than characters. Keywords: Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayn, Cognitive Linguistics, Text World Theory, Discourse World, Sub-World. IntroductionAncient Persian Texts, especially historical Texts, are precious treasures that refer us to the outside World,most research that has been done around these prose Texts has been formalistic, and less effort has been made to look at these treasures from the point of view of being able to refer them to the outside World. That is why Shafiei Kadkani considers them to be "dark lights" (Shafiei Kadkani, 1381: 15). that they are in our hands and we have not made the necessary efforts to light them because in order to light these lights, in addition to oil, which is lexical and rhetorical knowledge, we also need the fire of insight and new theories. In this research, we are trying to analyze the historical narratives from the first volume of the Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayni from the perspective of the Text World Theory so that we can reveal its secrets, or, in the interpretation of Shafiei, turn on this light. Our main issue is how to describe the narratives in the first volume of this work, and to analyze this issue, we should use the Text World Theory and its elements. Literature ReviewText World Theory using cognitive assumptions, and especially the category of cognitive poetics, was proposed by Paul Worth in 1999 in a book called Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse and by people such as Joanna Gavins in a book entitled Text World Theory: An Introduction was developed and expanded by Peter Stockwell in a book titled Cognitive Poetics. According to Paul Worth, investigating and identifying the cognitive processes that are the basis of any human communication, such as reading a book, performing a play, and even talking on the phone, etc., is possible through this psychological approach,therefore, the main focus of this Theory is on examining human communication processes (Gavins, 2007: 6). The main basis of the Text World Theory is that humans process and understand discourse through mental representations. Text World Theory, which is a linguistic event, by putting the reader and the writer together as the two main participants of the discourse and expanding their mental space, seeks to achieve the Worlds of the Text and possible Worlds through the mental representations of the participants of this discourse. "According to this Theory, when humans communicate with each other, they depict the scene, the space, and the World in their minds. " (Obergon. et. al, 2001: 244). This Theory is a discourse framework that is concerned with how a Text is constructed and produced and how the content surrounding that Text affects its production and acceptance. The Theory of the World of the Text consists of three conceptual layers: discourse World, Text World, and sub-World, and by examining these layers, we will examine the narratives of the Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayni based on these three layers. MethodologyOur research method in this article is the analytical-descriptive-documentary method based on the Theory of the World of Text. In this article, we intend to explore examples of the Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayni narratives based on this Theory and show how the mental representations and application of this Theory are used in this work. Therefore, in the layers related to the discourse World and the Text World, there are two narratives from each historical event, and to avoid repeating the content, it is enough to mention two examples. But in the sub-World layer, the elements related to this World are examined in the first volume of this work, and at the end of each topic, the frequency of the use of these elements is given. 4. ConclusionIn the investigation of this historical work, two or three narratives from each historical event were considered and analyzed as narrative propositions, out of which narrative and narrative propositions prevailed. The World is the primary Text of the Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayni in the past tense, and temporal changes do not take place except in a few cases through the retelling of anecdotes that fit Jowayni's narrative,therefore, the dynamism and movement in the World of the Text, which should be shown by continuous verbs, is not expressed in this historical work through the past tense. The limitation of epistemological Worlds is the result of the limitation of the author's control over the characters in the narrative. In Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayni, due to the small number of Worlds included in the reference, the reader does not walk in different time and place spaces in the same narrative, and as a result, he experiences Text Worlds that are different from the original Text World in terms of time and place variables. It does not conceptualize. Attitudinal and epistemological sub-Worlds are less than one volume of Tarikh Jahangooshay-e-Jowayni, and one of the reasons for this is the lack of change in the perspective of the narrator. Each narrative is a World of Text. Characters are not stable or part of a whole. By using attitudinal Worlds, the author leads the reader to conceptualize the intellectual World of the characters in the story, although due to its historical nature and type of reporting, the use of these Worlds is limited in most narratives, which causes a lack of representation of goal, wish, future, and imagination in this work. The sub-Worlds are sometimes available to the participants of the discourse and, in some cases, only to the characters of a narrative.   The abundance of attitudinal Worlds,on the one hand, shows the frequent and continuous entry of the author into the intellectual World of the narrative characters and, as a result, the reader's conceptualizations of these intellectual Worlds, and on the other hand, it shows how the attitudes and beliefs of the characters of this narrative are influenced in the shaping of events.   Attitudinal sub-Worlds are more than opinion sub-Worlds,therefore, they are all available from the character type, and the reader cannot enter the World switches that result from the original Text World.

Cognitive poetics answers to the fundamental questions on the cognitive tools of art, language and literature. This is the strong point of this approach over the other approaches, especially literary Theory, which has limitations such as inability to understand how different meanings are created and various interpretations of literary Texts are possible. This paper explores how to connect the Text World to the reader’s World to interpret the Text and extend the reader's mental spaces in the understanding of literary Texts as the research field. The main aim is the application of a model for the free reading of such interpretation, which is left to the person who relies on the opinion of cognitive poetics. Analysis of the story of Shazde Ehtejab (Golshiri, 1384/2005) is to check the elements in building the story. The questions are: 1) Which of the building elements of the story of Shazde Ehtejab can be identified by the Text World Theory? and 2) How does the identification of these elements help to interpret different Text Worlds?The answers to these questions (three layers of the Text - "Text World", "discourse World" and "sub World") are identified based on the Text World Theory, which is involved in building of the story. Then the link between the micro-Text Worlds in the form of included Text World that has emerged in the mind of the Shazde and formed the original Text World of the story, would be shown. The contrast between the characters and the mental spaces that are occurred through their thoughts, and form the smaller Text Worlds within the Shazde’s original Text World, would be effective in systematic interpretation of the Text.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our World, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's Theory of three Worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This Theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical World (World 1), the mental World (World 2), and the World of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three Worlds Theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.